One Panel Does Not Fit All: Case-Adaptive Multi-Agent Deliberation for Clinical Prediction

Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence [Submitted on 31 Mar 2026] One Panel Does Not Fit All: Case-Adaptive Multi-Agent Deliberation for Clinical Prediction Yuxing Lu, Yushuhong Lin, Jason Zhang Large language models applied to clinical prediction exhibit case-level heterogeneity: simple cases yield consistent outputs, while complex cases produce divergent predictions under minor prompt changes. Existing single-agent strategies sample from one role-conditioned distribution, and multi-agent frameworks use fixed roles with flat majority voting, discarding the diagnostic signal in disagreement. We propose CAMP (Case-Adaptive Multi-agent Panel), where an attending-physician agent dynamically assembles a specialist panel tailored to each case's diagnostic uncertainty. Each specialist evaluates candidates via three-valued voting (KEEP/REFUSE/NEUTRAL), enabling principled abstention outside one's expertise. A hybrid router directs each diagnosis through strong consensus, fallback to the attending physician's judgment, or evidence-based arbitration that weighs argument quality over vote counts. On diagnostic prediction and brief hospital course generation from MIMIC-IV across four LLM backbones, CAMP consistently outperforms strong baselines while consuming fewer tokens than most competing multi-agent methods, with voting records and arbitration traces offering transparent decision audits. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA) Cite as: arXiv:2604.00085 [cs.AI]   (or arXiv:2604.00085v1 [cs.AI] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.00085 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Yuxing Lu [view email] [v1] Tue, 31 Mar 2026 18:00:34 UTC (2,845 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: cs.AI < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-04 Change to browse by: cs cs.CL cs.MA References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)