Effects of measurements on entanglement dynamics for $1+1$D $\mathbb Z_2$ lattice gauge theory

Quantum Physics [Submitted on 30 Mar 2026] Effects of measurements on entanglement dynamics for 1+1D \mathbb Z_2 lattice gauge theory Nilachal Chakrabarti, Nisa Ara, Neha Nirbhan, Arpan Bhattacharyya, Indrakshi Raychowdhury The 1+1 dimensional \mathbb Z_2 gauge theory is the simplest model that allows for quantum simulation to probe the fundamental aspects of a gauge theory coupled with dynamical fermions. To reliably benchmark such a system, it is crucial to understand the non-unitary quantum dynamics arising from the underlying non-Hermitian evolution and to model the effects of quantum measurements. This work focuses on measuring physical observables for a \mathbb Z_2 gauge theory. Tensor network calculations are performed to probe the effect of measurement for larger lattice sizes (up to 256-site systems). Using Matrix Product State calculations, the dynamics of entanglement entropy are studied as a function of the measurement rate and the coupling constant. We find that, under both local and non-local measurements, the late-time saturation value of the bipartite entanglement entropy remains independent of system size, indicating the absence of a measurement-induced phase transition in the no-click limit. Comments: 26 pages, 15 figures Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) Cite as: arXiv:2603.28877 [quant-ph]   (or arXiv:2603.28877v1 [quant-ph] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.28877 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Nilachal Chakrabarti [view email] [v1] Mon, 30 Mar 2026 18:01:11 UTC (1,447 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: quant-ph < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-03 Change to browse by: cond-mat cond-mat.str-el hep-lat hep-th References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)