Minimal noise in non-quantized gravity

Quantum Physics [Submitted on 27 Mar 2026] Minimal noise in non-quantized gravity Giuseppe Fabiano, Tomohiro Fujita, Akira Matsumura, Daniel Carney An elementary prediction of the quantization of the gravitational field is that the Newtonian interaction can entangle pairs of massive objects. Conversely, in models of gravity in which the field is not quantized, the gravitational interaction necessarily comes with some level of noise, i.e., non-reversibility. Here, we give a systematic classification of all possible such models consistent with the basic requirements that the non-relativistic limit is Galilean invariant and reproduces the Newtonian interaction on average. We demonstrate that for any such model to be non-entangling, a quantifiable, minimal amount of noise must be injected into any experimental system. Thus, measuring gravitating systems at noise levels below this threshold would be equivalent to demonstrating that Newtonian gravity is entangling. As concrete examples, we analyze our general predictions in a number of experimental setups, and test it on the classical-quantum gravity models of Oppenheim et al., as well as on a recent model of Newtonian gravity as an entropic force. Comments: 11 pages + 12 pages of appendices, 2 figures Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) Cite as: arXiv:2603.26075 [quant-ph]   (or arXiv:2603.26075v1 [quant-ph] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.26075 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Giuseppe Fabiano [view email] [v1] Fri, 27 Mar 2026 05:06:51 UTC (446 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: quant-ph < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-03 Change to browse by: gr-qc hep-th References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)