SoK: The Attack Surface of Agentic AI -- Tools, and Autonomy

Computer Science > Cryptography and Security [Submitted on 24 Mar 2026] SoK: The Attack Surface of Agentic AI -- Tools, and Autonomy Ali Dehghantanha, Sajad Homayoun Recent AI systems combine large language models with tools, external knowledge via retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and even autonomous multi-agent decision loops. This agentic AI paradigm greatly expands capabilities - but also vastly enlarges the attack surface. In this systematization, we map out the trust boundaries and security risks of agentic LLM-based systems. We develop a comprehensive taxonomy of attacks spanning prompt-level injections, knowledge-base poisoning, tool/plug-in exploits, and multi-agent emergent threats. Through a detailed literature review, we synthesize evidence from 2023-2025, including more than 20 peer-reviewed and archival studies, industry reports, and standards. We find that agentic systems introduce new vectors for indirect prompt injection, code execution exploits, RAG index poisoning, and cross-agent manipulation that go beyond traditional AI threats. We define attacker models and threat scenarios, and propose metrics (e.g., Unsafe Action Rate, Privilege Escalation Distance) to evaluate security posture. Our survey examines defenses such as input sanitization, retrieval filters, sandboxes, access control, and "AI guardrails," assessing their effectiveness and pointing out the areas where protection is still lacking. To assist practitioners, we outline defensive controls and provide a phased security checklist for deploying agentic AI (covering design-time hardening, runtime monitoring, and incident response). Finally, we outline open research challenges in secure autonomous AI (robust tool APIs, verifiable agent behavior, supply-chain safeguards) and discuss ethical and responsible disclosure practices. We systematize recent findings to help researchers and engineers understand and mitigate security risks in agentic AI. Subjects: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR) Cite as: arXiv:2603.22928 [cs.CR]   (or arXiv:2603.22928v1 [cs.CR] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.22928 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Sajad Homayoun [view email] [v1] Tue, 24 Mar 2026 08:21:51 UTC (90 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: cs.CR < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-03 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)