Zero-Shot Vulnerability Detection in Low-Resource Smart Contracts Through Solidity-Only Training

Computer Science > Cryptography and Security [Submitted on 22 Mar 2026] Zero-Shot Vulnerability Detection in Low-Resource Smart Contracts Through Solidity-Only Training Minghao Hu, Qiang Zeng, Lannan Luo Smart contracts have transformed decentralized finance, but flaws in their logic still create major security threats. Most existing vulnerability detection techniques focus on well-supported languages like Solidity, while low-resource counterparts such as Vyper remain largely underexplored due to scarce analysis tools and limited labeled datasets. Training a robust detection model directly on Vyper is particularly challenging, as collecting sufficiently large and diverse Vyper training datasets is difficult in practice. To address this gap, we introduce Sol2Vy, a novel framework that enables cross-language knowledge transfer from Solidity to Vyper, allowing vulnerability detection on Vyper using models trained exclusively on Solidity. This approach eliminates the need for extensive labeled Vyper datasets typically required to build a robust vulnerability detection model. We implement and evaluate Sol2Vy on various critical vulnerability types, including reentrancy, weak randomness, and unchecked transfer. Experimental results show that Sol2Vy, despite being trained exclusively on Solidity, achieves strong detection performance on Vyper contracts and significantly outperforms prior state-of-the-art methods. Subjects: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Software Engineering (cs.SE) Cite as: arXiv:2603.21058 [cs.CR]   (or arXiv:2603.21058v1 [cs.CR] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.21058 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Minghao Hu [view email] [v1] Sun, 22 Mar 2026 04:53:29 UTC (1,556 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: cs.CR < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-03 Change to browse by: cs cs.SE References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)