Fractional Verkle Trees: A Hypertree Decomposition and Verified Proof Serialization Architecture for High-Performance Blockchain State Accumulators

Computer Science > Cryptography and Security [Submitted on 15 Jun 2026] Fractional Verkle Trees: A Hypertree Decomposition and Verified Proof Serialization Architecture for High-Performance Blockchain State Accumulators Ekleen Kaur, Everton Fraga Modern blockchain state management faces a critical scalability bottleneck: maintaining cryptographic commitments over hundreds of millions of entries becomes computationally prohibitive. Ethereum's transition to Verkle Trees: polynomial commitment accumulators reducing proof sizes from O(width * depth) to O(depth) via constant-size IPA vector commitments, is a critical step toward stateless operation. Yet, current implementations exhibit pathological characteristics that burden home validators. We identify four inefficiencies in the reference go-verkle implementation \cite{kaur2025goverkle, kaur2025goethereum}: (1) phantom node creation during non-existent account deletion; (2) 64-byte database keys triggering excessive LSM-tree compaction; (3) redundant memory copying in proof deserialization; (4) a Proof of Absence wire format incompatibility causing non-deterministic serialization. We present Fractional Verkle Trees (FVT), a hypertree decomposition partitioning global state into N independent sub-accumulators coordinated by a Merkle commitment tree, achieving improved cache locality, zero-lock-contention goroutine-parallel commitment computation, and faster root recomputation (91 \mus vs \sim500 ms). We address each inefficiency via existence checks, 32-byte SHA256 node references, zero-copy reference-counted buffers, and HashMap-based lexicographic deduplication. Benchmarks on Apple M1 Pro show 57\% heap allocation reduction (566,760 to 242,004 bytes per 10K proofs), parallel insertion at 2,433 ns/op, and network-wide elimination of 4.85 PB/year across 6,000 full nodes, advancing the Ethereum stateless roadmap. Comments: This work was presented at the Ethereum Community Conference at Cannes, France, 2026, on behalf of Amazon Web Services. this https URL Subjects: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC); Performance (cs.PF) Cite as: arXiv:2606.17111 [cs.CR]   (or arXiv:2606.17111v1 [cs.CR] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.17111 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Ekleen Kaur [view email] [v1] Mon, 15 Jun 2026 07:16:07 UTC (80 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: cs.CR < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-06 Change to browse by: cs cs.DC cs.PF References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)