The Chronicles of Radio Frequency Fingerprinting

Computer Science > Cryptography and Security [Submitted on 8 Jun 2026] The Chronicles of Radio Frequency Fingerprinting Abdul Aziz, Ingrid Huso, Savio Sciancalepore, Gabriele Oligeri Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFF) has evolved from an early idea for radar emitter identification into a broad research field for wireless device identification and spectrum monitoring for security. Rather than presenting a conventional literature survey, this work provides a critical historical analysis of RFF organized around the field's major conceptual paradigm shifts from 1993 to 2026. We discuss the evolution of RFF across its fundamental methodological phases, beginning with early transient-based approaches, in which transmitter turn-on behavior, unintentional modulation, and hardware nonlinearities were treated as the primary fingerprint sources. We then examine the transition to digital communications, during which attention shifted to steady-state impairments and to engineered features extracted from signals. Next, we discuss the Machine Learning period, which standardized the RFF workflow around feature extraction, dimensionality reduction, and supervised classification, followed by the Deep Learning period, in which representation learning from raw IQ samples significantly improved performance and expanded the application space. Beyond a chronological list of methods and best practices, this paper critically examines the changing assumptions and persistent limitations that have driven these transitions. We highlight the central challenges that continue to shape the field, including channel dependence, receiver sensitivity, limited dataset realism, poor cross-domain generalization, open-set recognition, and adversarial robustness. By organizing more than three decades of work into a coherent narrative, this paper clarifies the evolution of RFF, identifies persistent limitations, and outlines the key research directions required to move the field toward dependable real-world adoption. Comments: 12 pages, 9 figures Subjects: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR) Cite as: arXiv:2606.10031 [cs.CR]   (or arXiv:2606.10031v1 [cs.CR] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.10031 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Gabriele Oligeri [view email] [v1] Mon, 8 Jun 2026 18:09:42 UTC (7,131 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: cs.CR < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-06 Change to browse by: cs References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)