The Zero-Knowledge Threat Actor and the End of Responsible Disclosure

One of the most dangerous outcomes of the rise of AI in cybersecurity is the rise of the zero-knowledge threat actor. A threat actor who has negligible technical expertise but enough malicious intent. This actor can leverage AI, turn limited skills into usable offensive capability via generating malicious code, exploiting vulnerabilities, shaping attack steps and guiding execution. AI Has Changed the Nature of Attacks AI has not changed the traditional objectives of cybercrime:  stealing credentials, exploiting vulnerabilities, gaining privileged access, stealing sensitive data, disrupting operations, and impacting business continuity. What has changed is the speed of discovery, the democratization of capability, and the acceleration of attacks. AI is making hidden software weaknesses easier to find. AI-powered tools are increasing the speed and volume of vulnerability discovery and exploitation, while vulnerability exploitation has surged to become the leading initial access vector for breaches, accounting for 31% of incidents, according to Verizon’s 2026 Data Breach Investigations Report (PDF). AI has also ensured that more people can participate in attacks regardless of expertise, attack preparation times are more compressed, and it is far easier to adapt attack campaigns quickly to cover more targets, environments, and defensive responses. Zero-Knowledge Actors Have More Scope AI can help attackers generate malware, create malicious payloads, bypass simple security checks, and convert vague malicious intent into functional code. These capabilities are no longer in the realm of speculation. But as AI is evolving, new risks are entering the chat. AI can now also support target analysis, reconnaissance, vulnerability surfacing, attack-vector selection, social engineering, exploit modification, and the integration of various kill chain aspects through multi-stage orchestration. This is shifting the capability baseline, with organizations now having to defend against adversaries who may lack deep technical knowledge but can use AI to plan more steps, test more options, and execute attacks that were previously beyond their reach. While human judgment is still involved in choosing targets, managing infrastructure, and turning access into impact, the threshold of expertise is clearly changing. Easy Entry Points for Zero-Knowledge Attackers Large enterprises are targets for attackers, but smaller organizations are better suited to zero-knowledge threat actor attacks. A weak patching culture, limited monitoring tools, a lack of a very large security team, and delayed incident response are among the security gaps that make smaller organizations easy targets.  These smaller organizations are also part of larger business ecosystems, integral to their supply chains, and function as software providers, managed services partners, logistics providers, and more. For zero-knowledge threat actors, it is natural to see small organizations as initial targets that serve as doorways to a larger organization. The Shrinking Disclosure Window ‘Zero-day’ refers to a vulnerability that is publicly exploited before a vendor patch exists. Coordinated vulnerability disclosure begins the moment a researcher privately notifies a vendor of an identified flaw. Between that initial notification and public disclosure lies a structured process: validating the vulnerability, assessing its severity, building a patch, coordinating with affected parties,and giving users enough time to apply the patch.   Different organizations will have different responsible disclosure timelines, but irrespective of these timelines, there is no doubt that zero-knowledge threat actors are putting immense pressure on the disclosure window. These AI-enabled actors can not only discover vulnerabilities quickly but also exploit them faster. The security team, therefore, has to act quickly. The traditional breathing room is disappearing, which, in turn, is affecting responsible disclosure. Responding to Zero-Knowledge Threat Actors The first thing you must do to address zero-knowledge threat actors is not take them lightly. In fact, AI support has made them very dangerous and unpredictable. This should be the starting point of your defensive posture: Employee Awareness: Give employees a drill-down security awareness training focusing on AI-enabled phishing messages, impersonation attempts, and social engineering campaigns. Expose employees to realistic simulations of AI-generated phishing attacks, so that they don’t trust even hyper-personalized messages by default. Red Teaming: Your AI systems must be tested against malicious prompts, jailbreaking, and all manner of misuse scenarios.  With attackers getting better at leveraging AI to probe AI systems, testing will tell you whether your AI systems can be manipulated or made to expose sensitive information. End-to-End Visibility: Zero-knowledge threat actors have been known to harness AI to test different attack paths, bring variation in their attacks, and quickly move across users, devices, cloud services, applications, and networks. The use of fragmented security tools means that signals are scattered across different systems, making attacks difficult to detect. An integrated security architecture like SASE is the way forward for monitoring, detecting, and analyzing suspicious activity across the length and breadth of the environment. Faster Patching: Faster vulnerability discovery demands accelerated remediation.  Patching is the underrated front-line defense against zero-knowledge threat actors. Organizations should keep critical systems, exposed applications, and widely used software up to date. Don’t make things easier for threat actors by keeping known weaknesses open. Planned Incident Response: Your security posture should be ready for an attack at any given time. Rehearse incident response with tabletop exercises, clearly lay out escalation paths, and focus on recovery testing. This helps the organization bake resilience into the cybersecurity posture. Security Frameworks: Adopt recognized AI security frameworks to address AI-specific risks surfaces. MITRE ATLAS helps teams map adversarial tactics targeting ML systems. The OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications is essential if your organization builds or deploys LLM-based tools. Google’s Secure AI Framework (SAIF) provides principles for embedding security into AI development lifecycles. In Summary AI has not made every attacker advanced, but it has made low-skill attackers far more capable. For security teams, the answer is not panic; it is sharper visibility, faster action, and practiced response. This will help organizations address zero-knowledge threat actors proactively rather than scrambling to deliver an effective response.  Learn More at the AI Risk Summit | Ritz-Carlton, Half Moon Bay WRITTEN BY Etay Maor Etay Maor is Vice President of Threat Intelligence at Cato Networks, a founding member of Cato CTRL, and an industry-recognized cybersecurity researcher. Prior to joining Cato in 2021, Etay was the chief security officer for IntSights (acquired by Rapid7), where he led strategic cybersecurity research and security services. Etay has also held senior security positions at Trusteer (acquired by IBM) and RSA Security’s Cyber Threats Research Labs. Etay is an adjunct professor at Boston College and is part of the Call for Paper (CFP) committees for the RSA Conference and Qubits Conference. Etay holds a Master’s degree in Counterterrorism and Cyber-Terrorism and a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science from IDC Herzliya. More from Etay Maor The Mythos Moment: Enterprises Must Fight Agents with Agents Why Agentic AI Systems Need Better Governance – Lessons from OpenClaw Living off the AI: The Next Evolution of Attacker Tradecraft Rethinking Security for Agentic AI How TTP-based Defenses Outperform Traditional IoC Hunting Will AI-SPM Become the Standard Security Layer for Safe AI Adoption? Who’s Really Behind the Mask? 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