ICRL: Learning to Internalize Self-Critique with Reinforcement Learning

Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence [Submitted on 13 May 2026] ICRL: Learning to Internalize Self-Critique with Reinforcement Learning Jianbo Lin, Xiaomin Yu, Yi Xin, Yifu Guo, Zhuosong Jiang, Zhongqi Yue, Weishi Wang, Heqing Zou, Chengwei Qin, Hui Xiong Large language model-based agents make mistakes, yet critique can often guide the same model toward correct behavior. However, when critique is removed, the model may fail again on the same query, indicating that it has not internalized the critique's guidance into its underlying capability. Meanwhile, a frozen critic cannot improve its feedback quality over time, limiting the potential for iterative self-improvement. To address this, we propose learning to internalize self-critique with reinforcement learning(ICRL), a novel framework that jointly trains a solver and a critic from a shared backbone to convert critique-induced success into unassisted solver ability. The critic is rewarded based on the solver's subsequent performance gain, incentivizing actionable feedback. To address the distribution shift between critique-conditioned and critique-free behavior, ICRL introduces a distribution-calibration re-weighting ratio that selectively transfers critique-guided improvements compatible with the solver's own prompt distribution. Additionally, a role-wise group advantage estimation stabilizes joint optimization across the two roles. Together, these mechanisms ensure that the solver learns to improve itself without external critique, rather than becoming dependent on critique-conditioned behavior. We evaluate ICRL on diverse benchmarks spanning agentic and mathematical reasoning tasks, using Qwen3-4B and Qwen3-8B as backbones. Results show consistent improvements, with average gains of 6.4 points over GRPO on agentic tasks, and 7.0 points on mathematical reasoning. Notably, the learned 8B critic is comparable to 32B critics while using substantially fewer tokens. The code is available at this https URL. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA) Cite as: arXiv:2605.15224 [cs.AI]   (or arXiv:2605.15224v1 [cs.AI] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.15224 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Jianbo Lin [view email] [v1] Wed, 13 May 2026 08:50:05 UTC (973 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: cs.AI < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-05 Change to browse by: cs cs.MA References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)