Bayesian Phase Stabilization at the Shot-Noise Limit for Scalable Quantum Networks

Quantum Physics [Submitted on 23 Apr 2026] Bayesian Phase Stabilization at the Shot-Noise Limit for Scalable Quantum Networks Guang-Cheng Liu, Chao-Hui Xue, Fa-Xi Chen, Ming-Yang Zheng, Yi Yang, Li-Bo Li, Bin Wang, Bo-Wen Yang, Hai-Feng Jiang, Yong Wan, Ye Wang, Jiu-Peng Chen, Qiang Zhang, Jian-Wei Pan High-precision optical phase stabilization in quantum networks is fundamentally constrained by the strict photon-flux and duty-cycle limits required to avoid disturbing fragile quantum states. This challenge becomes especially critical when coordinating multiple independent light sources for multi-step quantum protocols. Here, we develop an integrated phase-stabilization framework that incorporates a Bayesian phase estimator to optimally extract information from sparse single-photon detection events. This approach outperforms conventional maximum-likelihood estimation and achieves the shot-noise limit under minimal photon flux. The framework enables real-time correction of combined phase noise from both nodal lasers and transmission fibers, facilitating a two-step excitation protocol for heralded entanglement generation between separate trapped-ion nodes via single-photon interference. Operating with a detected photon rate of approximately 1 MHz and a duty cycle less than or equal to 6.5%, the system maintains interferometric visibility greater than 97% over fiber links of 10 km and 100 km. This phase control yields deterministic ion-ion entanglement with parity contrast exceeding 85% at both distances, enabling device-independent quantum key distribution. Moreover, the resulting memory-memory entanglement at 10 km survives beyond the average time required to establish it -- a fundamental requirement for quantum repeaters. This work establishes a robust and scalable foundation for practical long-distance quantum networks. Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2604.21388 [quant-ph]   (or arXiv:2604.21388v1 [quant-ph] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.21388 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Jiu-Peng Chen [view email] [v1] Thu, 23 Apr 2026 07:57:24 UTC (5,292 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: quant-ph < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-04 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)