Layer 2 Blockchains Simplified: A Survey of Vector Commitment Schemes, ZKP Frameworks, Layer-2 Data Structures and Verkle Trees

Computer Science > Cryptography and Security [Submitted on 22 Apr 2026] Layer 2 Blockchains Simplified: A Survey of Vector Commitment Schemes, ZKP Frameworks, Layer-2 Data Structures and Verkle Trees Ekleen Kaur, Marko Suvajdzic Layer-2 (L2) protocols address the fundamental limitations of Layer-1 (L1) blockchains by offloading computation while anchoring trust to the parent chain. This architectural shift, while boosting throughput, introduces a new, complex security surface defined by off-chain components like sequencers, bridges, and data availability mechanisms. Prior literature[31][33] offers fragmented views of this risk. This paper presents the first unified, security-focused survey that rigorously maps L2 architecture to its underlying cryptographic security. We dissect the technical progression from L1 primitives to the core of modern L2s, analyzing the security assumptions(Discrete Logarithm, Computational Diffie-Hellman, Bilinear Diffie-Hellman) of ZK frameworks (Groth16, Plonk) and their corresponding commitment schemes (KZG, IPA). We formalize a comprehensive L2 threat model encompassing sequencer liveness, bridge exploits, and data-availability failures. This work serves as an accessible yet rigorous reference for researchers and developers to reason about L2 security from a deep crypto-mathematical perspective. Comments: Next work: Performance improvements in Verkle Trees and the first novel architecture with practical implementation on Fractional Verkle Trees is under review at ACM MICRO 2026, this was presented at EthCC Cannes, France this year. Also, this survey paper was accepted at ICECET, Rome, Italy, and Discover Networks Journal, Springer Nature Subjects: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Computers and Society (cs.CY) Cite as: arXiv:2604.21055 [cs.CR]   (or arXiv:2604.21055v1 [cs.CR] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.21055 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Ekleen Kaur [view email] [v1] Wed, 22 Apr 2026 19:57:42 UTC (669 KB) Access Paper: view license Current browse context: cs.CR < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-04 Change to browse by: cs cs.CY References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)