Resource Implications of Different Encodings for Quantum Computational Fluid Dynamics

Quantum Physics [Submitted on 7 Apr 2026] Resource Implications of Different Encodings for Quantum Computational Fluid Dynamics Hans A. Kösel, Roland Ewert, Jan W. Delfs For quantum algorithms for problems in which the task is to compute an entire field of values, like e.g. computational fluid dynamics (CFD), it is often proposed amplitude encoding w.r.t. multiple qubits; however, the efforts implied by it for initialization and read-out are not addressed. This work is devoted specifically to this issue: It reviews different encoding schemes in quantum computing, discussing their computational costs for initialization and read-out as well as resulting aspects for their usage via minimal examples. The considerations in previous literature on the required computational resources for amplitude encoding w.r.t. multiple qubits are extended in the presented quantification by explicitly deducing the circuit depth that results for the decomposed initialization procedure of V. V. Shende et al. [1, 2] and deriving an upper bound for the necessary number of executions of a quantum algorithm to extract the encoded values with a specific accuracy. For these two results, an empirical verification via the means provided by IBM's quantum computing simulation framework \textit{Qiskit} [3] is given. In the framework of the study on the required number of runs to achieve a desired accuracy, it is however found that the derived upper bound, scaling like {\tilde{n}^2} ~ {\ln( {\tilde{n}} )} with the number of encoded values {\tilde{n}} , is too conservative to be used for precise estimations. Therefore, a corresponding study of the required runs for the reference distribution of equal probabilities for all basis states is done in particular, which suggests {\tilde{n}} ~ { \ln( {\tilde{n}} ) } as an empirical scaling law. Since the view regarding CFD applications is taken here, it is presented in particular that the insights from this work lead to a new encoding approach, which is proposed specifically for a quantum algorithm for the lattice Boltzmann method. Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2604.05577 [quant-ph]   (or arXiv:2604.05577v1 [quant-ph] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.05577 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Hans Alexander Kösel [view email] [v1] Tue, 7 Apr 2026 08:17:21 UTC (113 KB) Access Paper: view license Current browse context: quant-ph < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-04 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)