Routing Entanglement in Complex Quantum Networks Using GHZ States

Quantum Physics [Submitted on 3 Apr 2026] Routing Entanglement in Complex Quantum Networks Using GHZ States Xin-An Chen, Caitao Zhan, Joaquin Chung, Jeffrey Larson Distributing entanglement to distant parties in a network is a central task in quantum information processing and quantum networking. The sensitivity of entangled states to loss necessitates the use of entanglement routing strategies. Recently, a routing strategy using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) measurements instead of Bell state measurements (BSM) has been proposed. We further this direction of research by explicitly considering the varying measurement success probabilities of GHZ measurements. Moreover, we extend the analysis beyond square grid networks to complex network models such as Waxman networks and scale-free networks, as well as SURFnet, a real-world network topology in the Netherlands. Taking into account the varying success probabilities, naive application of GHZ routing achieves rates much lower than the conventional BSM routing. Instead, we propose a hybrid GHZ-BSM routing strategy. The hybrid GHZ-BSM routing strategy outperforms BSM routing in square grid networks. In other networks, however, more sophisticated adaptations using global information are required. Comments: Updated version of our QCNC 2026 paper Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2604.03155 [quant-ph]   (or arXiv:2604.03155v1 [quant-ph] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.03155 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Xinan Chen [view email] [v1] Fri, 3 Apr 2026 16:24:41 UTC (2,633 KB) Access Paper: HTML (experimental) view license Current browse context: quant-ph < prev   |   next > new | recent | 2026-04 References & Citations INSPIRE HEP NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar Export BibTeX Citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Demos Related Papers About arXivLabs Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?)